{"id":1674,"date":"2020-06-09T10:43:28","date_gmt":"2020-06-09T08:43:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/laboragora.com\/?p=1674"},"modified":"2020-06-11T18:58:36","modified_gmt":"2020-06-11T16:58:36","slug":"chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/","title":{"rendered":"Chronique scientifique antisexiste #001 \u2014 L\u2019effet Trump, ou comment l’\u00e9lection du pr\u00e9sident \u00e9tasunien a rendu ses \u00e9lecteur.rice.s plus sexistes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Temps de lecture : 5 minutes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tous les mois, Violette Kerleaux<\/a>, chercheuse en psychologie et fondatrice du Purple Lab<\/a>, d\u00e9crypte pour vous un article scientifique sur le sexisme et le genre en psychologie sociale. Les objectifs : vulgariser les sciences humaines, mais aussi prot\u00e9ger les travaux des chercheur\u00b7se\u00b7s, parfois d\u00e9form\u00e9s dans les m\u00e9dias classiques.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019\u00e9lection d\u2019un pr\u00e9sident misogyne peut-elle faire baisser le soutien des individus \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 de genre ? Le cas de nos voisins \u00e9tasuniens montre qu\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement ponctuel et tr\u00e8s m\u00e9diatis\u00e9, telle que l\u2019\u00e9lection d’un\u00b7e dirigeant\u00b7e, peut avoir une influence sur le sexisme moderne<\/em>* et la perception des discriminations envers les femmes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est du moins ce qu\u2019a tent\u00e9 de montrer une \u00e9quipe de chercheur\u00b7se\u00b7s de la London Business School (Londres, Grande-Bretagne, 2019). Leur objectif initial de recherche \u00e9tait d\u2019observer les effets de la victoire d\u2019Hillary Clinton \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lection de la pr\u00e9sidence des \u00c9tats-Unis. En d\u00e9pit de sa d\u00e9faite, l\u2019\u00e9quipe a tout de m\u00eame d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019exploiter les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019enqu\u00eate… mais sous un angle diff\u00e9rent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des \u00e9lecteur.rices. qui deviennent plus sexistes apr\u00e8s l’\u00e9lection<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les participant\u00b7e\u00b7s ont rempli un questionnaire avant ou apr\u00e8s les \u00e9lections. Ils devaient indiquer leurs opinions sur plusieurs th\u00e8mes en lien avec l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 de genre permettant d\u2019\u00e9valuer leur niveau de sexisme moderne*, <\/em>mais aussi sur leurs pr\u00e9occupations concernant les \u00e9carts salariaux et leurs perceptions \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de genre dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Ils devaient aussi donner des informations sur leur pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence concernant la victoire de l\u2019un ou l\u2019autre des candidats \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle \u00e9tasunienne de 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Les am\u00e9ricain\u00b7e\u00b7s ont-ils exprim\u00e9 plus ou moins de pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s de genre avant ou apr\u00e8s les \u00e9lections de 2016 aux USA ? Nos recherches sugg\u00e8rent que la r\u00e9ponse d\u00e9pend du candidat qu\u2019ils soutenaient initialement \u00bb<\/em> [1].<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats mettent en \u00e9vidence que les participant\u00b7e\u00b7s qui ont vot\u00e9 Donald Trump endossaient des attitudes** plus sexistes apr\u00e8s son \u00e9lection. Et ces attitudes influen\u00e7aient directement leurs perceptions concernant la discrimination des femmes et des hommes dans la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Ils \u00e9taient moins choqu\u00e9s par les \u00e9carts de salaire entre les femmes et les hommes, et percevaient moins de discriminations \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des femmes dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (et plus de discriminations \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des hommes). De plus, les participant\u00b7e\u00b7s qui avaient soutenu Trump surestimaient la progression de l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 de genre sur les dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, ainsi que le pourcentage de femmes dans les sph\u00e8res hi\u00e9rarchiques \u00e9lev\u00e9es de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, les femmes comme les hommes exprimaient des attitudes plus sexistes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des femmes apr\u00e8s les \u00e9lections lorsqu\u2019ils avaient vot\u00e9 Donald Trump. Ces r\u00e9sultats mettent en \u00e9vidence qu\u2019une simple \u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle peut (r\u00e9)activer les attitudes sexistes de certains individus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment l\u2019\u00e9lection de Donald Trump a-t-elle provoqu\u00e9 cette augmentation du sexisme ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les auteur.e.s proposent plusieurs explications en lien avec les donn\u00e9es. D\u2019abord, les supporteur\u00b7trice\u00b7s de Donald Trump ont pu \u00ab accorder \u00bb leurs croyances avec celles du leader repr\u00e9sentant leur groupe social. Autrement dit, ces individus se retrouveraient \u00e0 tenir le raisonnement suivant, sans en avoir conscience : \u00ab si le pr\u00e9sident que j\u2019ai \u00e9lu pense comme \u00e7a, moi aussi je pense comme \u00e7a \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autre hypoth\u00e8se : l\u2019\u00e9lection d\u2019un leader sexiste a pu r\u00e9duire les freins sociaux \u00e0 l\u2019expression des pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s de genre, ce qui a en retour permis \u00e0 ces personnes d\u2019exprimer plus librement leurs opinions sur la question, celles-ci devenant plus \u00ab politiquement correctes \u00bb. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, nomm\u00e9 \u00ab l\u2019effet Trump \u00bb, a d\u2019ailleurs frapp\u00e9 d\u2019autres groupes sociaux comme les musulman\u00b7e\u00b7s, les migrant\u00b7e\u00b7s, etc. [2]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour aller plus loin<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

#unefemmeaupouvoiren2020<\/strong> :<\/strong> r\u00e9action inverse chez les supporters d\u00e9mocrates : a contrario, les individus percevaient plus d\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9s \u00e0 la suite de la d\u00e9faite d\u2019Hillary Clinton [3]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

#lamotivationasesraisonsquelaraisonignore<\/strong> : <\/strong>les arguments masculinistes sont bons pour motiver les \u00e9lecteurs sexistes. En effet, les attaques de Donald Trump reprochant \u00e0 Hillary Clinton de jouer la \u00ab carte femme \u00bb ont fait augment\u00e9 leur participation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle [4]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

#masculinisme<\/strong> : <\/strong>enfin, les supporters masculins de Donald Trump percevaient plus de discrimination envers les hommes que les supporters masculins d\u2019Hillary Clinton [5]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9finitions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

*Sexisme moderne <\/em>(en psychologie sociale) : <\/em>le sexisme moderne se traduit par un d\u00e9ni des discriminations faites aux femmes dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 actuelle, un rejet des demandes faites par les femmes pour plus d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 et un manque de soutien envers les politiques destin\u00e9es \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les discriminations [6]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

**Attitude<\/em> (en psychologie sociale) : pr\u00e9disposition des individus \u00e0 \u00e9valuer les objets de son environnement de mani\u00e8re favorable ou d\u00e9favorable [7]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[1] Georgeac, O. A. M., Rattan, A., & Effron, D. A. (2019). An Exploratory Investigation of Americans\u2019 Expression of Gender Bias Before and After the 2016 Presidential Election. Social Psychological and Personality Science<\/em>, 10<\/em>(5), 632\u2011642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550618776624<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Crandall, C. S., Miller, J. M., & White, M. H. (2018). Changing norms following the 2016 US presidential election: The Trump effect on prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science<\/em>, 9<\/em>(2), 186-192.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Does, S., G\u00fcndemir, S., & Shih, M. (2019). The Divided States of America\u202f: How the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Shaped Perceived Levels of Gender Equality. Social Psychological and Personality Science<\/em>, 10<\/em>(3), 374\u2011381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550618757033<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] Cassese, E. C., & Holman, M. R. (2019). Playing the Woman Card\u202f: Ambivalent Sexism in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Race. Political Psychology<\/em>, 40<\/em>(1), 55\u201174. Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12492<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] Monteith, M. J., & Hildebrand, L. K. (2019). Sexism, perceived discrimination, and system justification in the 2016 U.S. presidential election context. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations<\/em>. Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430219826683<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism\u202f: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 68<\/em>(2), 199\u2011214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.68.2.199<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly<\/em>, 24<\/em>(2), 163\u2011204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/266945<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Image de couverture<\/strong> : StockSnap<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u2019\u00e9lection d\u2019un pr\u00e9sident misogyne peut-elle faire baisser le soutien des individus \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 de genre ? 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Le cas de nos voisins \u00e9tasuniens montre qu\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement ponctuel et tr\u00e8s m\u00e9diatis\u00e9, tel que l\u2019\u00e9lection d'un\u00b7e dirigeant\u00b7e, peut avoir une influence sur le sexisme moderne* et la perception des discriminations envers les femmes.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"LaborAgora\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-06-09T08:43:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-06-11T16:58:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/people-2590590_1920.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Violette Kerleaux\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LaborAgora\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LaborAgora\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Violette Kerleaux\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Violette Kerleaux\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e43a7f8a036db730d1dacea95da006e2\"},\"headline\":\"Chronique scientifique antisexiste #001 \u2014 L\u2019effet Trump, ou comment l’\u00e9lection du pr\u00e9sident \u00e9tasunien a rendu ses \u00e9lecteur.rice.s plus sexistes\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-06-09T08:43:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-06-11T16:58:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/\"},\"wordCount\":1071,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/people-2590590_1920.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Antisexiste\",\"Discrimination\",\"sexisme\",\"trump\",\"USA\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Sous la loupe\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/laboragora.com\/index.php\/2020\/06\/09\/chronique-scientifique-antisexiste-001-leffet-trump-ou-comment-lelection-du-president-etasunien-a-rendu-ses-electeur-rice-s-plus-sexistes\/\",\"name\":\"Chronique scientifique antisexiste #001 \u2014 L\u2019effet Trump, ou comment l'\u00e9lection du pr\u00e9sident \u00e9tasunien a rendu ses \u00e9lecteur.rice.s plus sexistes - 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